关于开放式伤口护理的知识
时间：2019-05-24 14:28:48 
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然而，人们应立即就严重出血或骨折的严重伤口寻求医疗救助。
伤口分为两大类：开放或封闭。
在闭合的伤口中，在皮肤表面下发生组织损伤和出血。闭合伤口的实例包括瘀伤。
开放性伤口涉及皮肤破裂，使内部组织暴露。开放性伤口可能由跌倒，钝器创伤和手术引起。
我们将在下面更详细地介绍几种类型的开放性伤口，以及如何治疗它们。
类型
开放性伤口的一些例子包括以下内容。
磨损
当皮肤摩擦或滑动到粗糙表面时发生磨损伤口。擦伤的实例包括刮伤膝盖或路面皮疹。
尽管擦伤产生的血液非常少，但重要的是对伤口进行消毒并去除任何碎屑以防止感染。
划破
裂伤是皮肤深层开裂或撕裂。撕裂通常发生在涉及刀具，机械或其他尖锐工具的事故或事故中。这种类型的伤口可能导致明显的出血。
撕脱
撕脱包括强力撕开皮肤和下面的组织。
爆发可能是由暴力事件引起的，例如爆炸，动物袭击或机动车事故。
刺
穿刺伤口是软组织中的小孔。碎片和针头可引起急性穿刺伤口，仅影响组织的外层。
然而，刀或枪伤可能会损伤深层肌肉和内脏，从而导致明显的出血。
切口
切口是皮肤干净，直的切口。许多外科手术都使用切口。但是，涉及刀具，剃刀刀片，碎玻璃和其他尖锐物体的事故可能导致切口。
切口通常会导致严重的快速出血。深切口会损伤肌肉或神经，很可能需要缝合。
治疗
用绷带包扎伤口可以帮助促进愈合。
轻微或急性开放性伤口可能不需要医学治疗。人们可以在家治疗这些类型的伤口。
然而，严重的开放性伤口涉及大量出血，需要立即就医。
开放性伤口护理应包括以下步骤：
止血：用干净的布或绷带轻轻地给伤口施加压力，促进血液凝固。
清洁伤口：使用清水和生理盐水冲洗掉任何碎屑或细菌。一旦伤口看起来干净，用干净的布擦干。医生可能需要进行外科清创术以清除包含死组织，玻璃，子弹或其他异物的严重伤口的碎屑。
用抗生素治疗伤口：清洁伤口后，涂上一层薄薄的抗生素软膏以防止感染。
关闭并打扮伤口：关闭干净的伤口有助于促进更快的愈合。防水绷带和纱布适用于轻微伤口。深度开放的伤口可能需要缝线或钉书钉。但是，在感染清除之前，将已感染的伤口保持打开状态。
定期更换敷料：疾病控制和预防中心（CDC）建议每24小时取出旧绷带并检查感染迹象。在重新涂抹干净的胶粘绷带或纱布之前，对伤口进行消毒和干燥。记得在伤口愈合时保持伤口干燥。
开放性伤口的药物
人们可以服用非处方（OTC）止痛药，以减少炎症和疼痛症状在愈合过程中。但是，避免服用阿司匹林，因为它会导致出血并延缓伤口愈合过程。
医疗保健提供者可以为患有严重或感染伤口的人开出更强的止痛药。
人们可以在轻微割伤和擦伤时使用局部抗生素。如果医疗保健专业人员认为某人在治疗期间发生感染的风险很高，他们可能会开口服抗生素。
家庭疗法
人们可以使用以下家庭疗法来治疗轻微的开放性伤口，例如割伤和擦伤。
姜黄酱
的化合物，姜黄称为姜黄素具有有效的抗炎和抗微生物性能，其可增强伤口愈合。
一个2017年的研究调查姜黄的治疗作用的178人与干槽症，这是拔牙后，开发一个常见的感染。
接受姜黄治疗的参与者报告在2天内疼痛，肿胀和组织坏死减少。
人们可以通过将姜黄与温水混合来制作糊状物。将糊状物轻轻涂抹在伤口上，并用绷带或纱布覆盖。
芦荟
芦荟属于仙人掌科。芦荟植物的叶子含有富含矿物质和维生素的凝胶状物质，促进伤口愈合。
根据2019年对23项研究的系统评价，芦荟含有复合葡甘露聚糖，促进细胞再生和胶原蛋白生成。胶原蛋白是促进伤口愈合的必需蛋白质。
此外，芦荟可能有助于减少炎症，预防溃疡，并增强皮肤的完整性。
在该区域涂抹一层薄薄的芦荟凝胶，或用浸泡在芦荟凝胶中的绷带包扎伤口。
椰子油
椰子油可以促进伤口愈合，因为它含有高浓度的甘油一剂，一种以抗菌作用着称的脂肪酸。
使用优质椰子油可能有助于降低愈合伤口感染的风险。
大蒜
大蒜含有一种叫做大蒜素的化合物，具有抗菌和抗炎作用。根据2018年大鼠研究，与凡士林相比，含有30％大蒜的软膏促进细胞增殖。
风险
受感染的伤口会导致发烧和疼痛加剧。
不同的细菌群体遍布皮肤表面，这意味着开放性伤口需要适当的护理和卫生，以降低感染的风险。
受感染伤口的一些症状和体征包括：
伤口附近有红润，肿胀或温暖的皮肤
恶化疼痛
在伤口收集清澈的液体或脓液
水疱或疮
发热
淋巴结肿大
可以从开放性伤口发展的感染包括：
金黄色葡萄球菌感染
葡萄球菌是指存在于皮肤和鼻子内部的一组细菌。
葡萄球菌通常不会引起疾病。然而，他们可以通过开放性伤口进入身体，导致医生称为葡萄球菌感染的传染病。
葡萄球菌感染可能会留在皮肤中，影响汗腺和油腺。然而，它们也可以遍布全身并影响多个器官。
医疗保健提供者可以开抗生素来帮助抵抗葡萄球菌感染。然而，某些葡萄球菌菌株，如耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA），抵抗医生通常开的抗生素。
破伤风（lockjaw）
破伤风梭菌（破伤风梭菌）可通过皮肤中的开放性伤口进入体内，引起称为破伤风的细菌感染。一旦进入体内，C。tetani可导致颈部和下颌疼痛的肌肉痉挛。
C. tetani存在于土壤，灰尘和金属物体的外面。因此，如果他们从指甲或其他尖锐的金属物体接受穿刺伤，应该寻求医疗救助。
疫苗的进展几乎在美国根除了破伤风。疾病预防控制中心建议成年人每10年接种一次破伤风加强剂。
坏死性筋膜炎
坏死性筋膜炎是一种罕见的细菌感染，可以杀死软组织。被称为A组链球菌的细菌通常会引起这种感染。它突然发展并迅速传播。
坏死性筋膜炎是一种严重的疾病，需要立即治疗。它可导致败血症，中毒性休克综合征，多器官衰竭，甚至死亡。
坏死性筋膜炎的症状类似于流感。它们可以包括：
伤口附近剧烈疼痛
伤口附近的红色或紫色皮肤
发热
腹痛
咽喉痛
恶心
腹泻
畏寒
肌肉疼痛
慢性伤口
慢性伤口是一种需要非常长时间才能愈合或不断重新开放的伤口。
慢性伤口的原因包括严重的细菌感染，免疫功能减弱和潜在的健康状况。有糖尿病或癌症的可能会增加罹患慢性伤口的风险。
摘要
开放性伤口是指使身体组织暴露于外部环境的伤口。
开放性伤口可能从皮肤上存在的细菌菌落中被感染。然而，实施适当的卫生和伤口护理技术可以帮助降低感染风险，并有助于促进更快的愈合。
轻微的开放性伤口可能不需要治疗，但使用OTC抗生素软膏有助于保持伤口清洁。人们可以使用姜黄，芦荟，椰子油或大蒜作为轻微开放性伤口的天然疗法。
涉及大量出血的大型开放性伤口需要立即就医。
中文内容为网页翻译，英文原稿如下：
However, people should seek immediate medical attention for severe wounds that involve significant bleeding or broken bones.
Wounds fall into two broad categories: open or closed.
In a closed wound, tissue damage and bleeding occur under the surface of the skin. Examples of closed wounds include bruises.
An open wound involves a break in the skin that leaves the internal tissue exposed. Open wounds may result from falls, blunt trauma, and surgery.
We will cover several types of open wound, as well as how to treat them, in more detail below.
Types
Some examples of open wounds include the following.
Abrasion
An abrasion wound occurs when the skin rubs or slides against a rough surface. Examples of abrasions include a scraped knee or road rash.
Although abrasions produce very little blood, it is important to sanitize the wound and remove any debris to prevent infection.
Laceration
A laceration is a deep opening or a tear in the skin. Lacerations usually occur from accidents or incidents involving knives, machinery, or other sharp tools. This type of wound may cause significant bleeding.
Avulsion
An avulsion involves forcefully tearing away the skin and underlying tissue.
Avulsions can result from violent incidents, such as explosions, animal attacks, or motor vehicle accidents.
Puncture
A puncture wound is a small hole in the soft tissue. Splinters and needles can cause acute puncture wounds that only affect the outer layers of tissue.
However, knife or gunshot wounds can damage deep muscles and internal organs, which may result in significant bleeding.
Incision
An incision is a clean, straight cut in the skin. Many surgical procedures use incisions. However, accidents involving knives, razor blades, broken glass, and other sharp objects can cause incisions.
Incisions usually cause heavy, rapid bleeding. Deep incisions can damage the muscles or nerves and will most likely require stitches.
Treatments
Dressing the wound with bandages can help promote healing.
Minor, or acute, open wounds may not require medical treatment. People can treat these types of wound at home.
However, severe open wounds that involve significant bleeding will require immediate medical attention.
Open wound care should involve the following steps:
Stop the bleeding: Using a clean cloth or bandage, gently apply pressure to the wound to promote blood clotting.
Clean the wound: Use clean water and a saline solution to flush away any debris or bacteria. Once the wound looks clean, pat it dry with a clean cloth. A doctor may need to perform a surgical debridement to remove debris from severe wounds that contain dead tissue, glass, bullets, or other foreign objects.
Treat the wound with antibiotics: After cleaning the wound, apply a thin layer of antibioticointment to prevent infection.
Close and dress the wound: Closing clean wounds helps promote faster healing. Waterproof bandages and gauze work well for minor wounds. Deep open wounds may require stitches or staples. However, leave an already infected wound open until the infection clears.
Routinely change the dressing: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)recommend removing the old bandages and checking for signs of infection every 24 hours. Disinfect and dry the wound before reapplying a clean adhesive bandage or gauze. Remember to keep the wound dry while it heals.
Medications for open wounds
People can take over-the-counter (OTC) pain medications to reduce inflammation and painful symptoms during the healing process. Avoid aspirin, however, as it can cause bleeding and delay the wound healing process.
A healthcare provider may prescribe stronger pain relievers for people with severe or infected wounds.
People can use topical antibiotics on minor cuts and scrapes. A healthcare professional may prescribe oral antibiotics if they believe that someone has a high risk of developing an infection while healing.
Home remedies
People can use the following home remedies to treat minor open wounds, such as cuts and scrapes.
Turmeric paste
A compound in turmeric called curcumin possesses potent anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, which may enhance wound healing.
One 2017 study examined the healing properties of turmeric in 178 people with dry socket, which is a common infection that develops after tooth extraction.
The participants receiving treatment with turmeric reported reductions in pain, swelling, and tissue necrosis within 2 days.
People can make a paste by mixing turmeric with warm water. Gently apply the paste to the wound and cover with a bandage or gauze.
Aloe vera
Aloe vera belongs to the cactus family. The leaves of the aloe vera plant contain a gel-like substance rich in minerals and vitamins, which promote wound healing.
According to a 2019 systematic review of 23 studies, aloe vera contains the compound glucomannan, which promotes cellular regeneration and collagen production. Collagen is an essential protein that promotes wound healing.
Also, aloe vera may help reduce inflammation, prevent ulcers, and enhance skin integrity.
Apply a thin layer of aloe vera gel to the area or dress the wound in a bandage soaked in aloe vera gel.
Coconut oil
Coconut oil may promote wound healing due to its high concentration of monolaurin, a fatty acid renowned for its antimicrobial effects.
Using high-quality coconut oil may help reduce the risk of infection in healing wounds.
Garlic
Garlic contains a compound called allicin, which has antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. According to a 2018 rat study, an ointment containing 30% garlic promoted enhanced cellular proliferation compared with Vaseline.
Risks
An infected wound can cause fever and worsening pain.
Diverse groups of bacteria populate the surface of the skin, which means that open wounds require proper care and sanitation to reduce the risk of infection.
Some signs and symptoms of an infected wound include:
flushed, swollen, or warm skin near the wound
worsening pain
clear fluid or pus collecting in the wound
blisters or sores
fever
swollen lymph nodes
Infections that can develop from open wounds include:
Staph infection
Staphylococcus refers to a group of bacteria present on the skin and inside the nose.
Staphylococcus bacteria usually do not cause disease. However, they can enter the body through open wounds, resulting in a contagious condition that doctors call a staph infection.
Staph infections may remain in the skin and affect the sweat and oil glands. However, they can also spread throughout the body and affect multiple organs.
A healthcare provider can prescribe antibiotics to help fight off staph infections. However, certain Staphylococcus strains, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), resist the antibiotics that doctors typically prescribe.
Tetanus (lockjaw)
Clostridium tetani (C. tetani) can enter the body through open wounds in the skin, causing a bacterial infection called tetanus. Once inside the body, C. tetani can cause painful muscle spasms in the neck and jaw.
C. tetani exists in soil, dust, and on the outside of metal objects. For this reason, a person should seek medical attention if they receive a puncture wound from a nail or another sharp metal object.
Advances in vaccines have nearly eradicated tetanus in the United States. The CDC recommend that adults get a tetanus booster shot every 10 years.
Necrotizing fasciitis
Necrotizing fasciitis is a rare bacterial infection that kills soft tissue. Bacteria called Group A Streptococcus typically cause this infection. It develops suddenly and spreads rapidly.
Necrotizing fasciitis is a severe medical condition that requires immediate treatment. It can lead to sepsis, toxic shock syndrome, multiple organ failure, and even death.
Symptoms of necrotizing fasciitis resemble those of the flu. They can include:
severe pain near the wound
red or purple skin near the wound
fever
stomach ache
sore throat
nausea
diarrhea
chills
muscle aches
Chronic wound
A chronic wound is one that takes an unusually long time to heal or continuously reopens.
Causes of chronic wounds include severe bacterial infections, weakened immune function, and underlying health conditions. Having diabetes or cancer may increase the risk of developing chronic wounds.
Summary
Open wounds are those that leave the tissues of the body exposed to the external environment.
Open wounds can become infected from the bacterial colonies present on the skin. However, practicing proper sanitation and wound care techniques can help reduce the risk of infection and help promote faster healing.
Minor open wounds may not require medical treatment, but using OTC antibiotic ointment will help keep the wound clean. People can use turmeric, aloe vera, coconut oil, or garlic as natural treatments for minor open wounds.
Large open wounds that involve significant bleeding require immediate medical attention.
